Tuesday 25 August 2015

Normalisation made simple...please?

We do lots of DNA, RNA and NGS library normalisations mostly by hand after calculating dilutions in Excel. It works well but is cumbersome and prone to error. We're fortunate to have an Agilent Bravo robot and are now automating more of this with excellent results. The most obvious impact has been on NGS library pooling, below is our most recent run where the variability on all but 9 libraries is pretty much perfect.


However automation is a pain and it would be great if there were a solution for normal labs. We've discussed an idea with pipette companies in the past but no-one appears to offer anything yet so I thought I'd suggest it here as well. If you've seen something on the market please do comment and let me know (Sartorius are almost there with the eLine pipette see link below).

If you like the idea follow up with you favourite pipette rep and lets see if someone can make one!

The background to the idea: normalisation can be done by combining a standard volume of sample with a know volume of water or diluent. Any lab trying to do this manually is almost certainly taking concentration measurements from PicoGreen or qPCR and working out how much water to add to each well of a 96well plate with sample already added.

The idea: We use repeat pipettes for may applications and there do exist programmable versions. Repeat pipettes are great for adding the same volume of a master mix to all wells of a plate and several companies make them. We use the slightly older Eppendorf Stream but Gilson, Sartorius and others exist.

A programmable repeat pipette that can accept a TXT file. The upload of a TXT file after calculating the amount of water to add to each well, and after specifying pipetting across rows or down columns, would allow the user to complete normalisation in as few as 9 pipetting steps: 8x12 channel 5ul transfers from the source plate to a normalisation plate, and 1x automatic repeat pipette dispense. "Simples" as the Meerkat says.

Friday 21 August 2015

Reproducibility of RNA-seq

The GEUVADIS Consortium published a study looking at reproducibility in RNA-seq in Nature Biotech in 2013 and I only just saw the paper. I thought that readers of this blog would be interested so take a look: Reproducibility of high-throughput mRNA and small RNA sequencing across laboratories.


465 lymphoblastoid cell lines were prepped and sequenced in seven EU labs. TruSeq mRNA seq libraries were sequenced using PE75-100 reads. Each lab ran 50-100 samples but 5 of these were run across all labs. The results were good; in the paper they report very low levels of technical variation, "smaller than the already limited biological variation" and suggest that issues like variation in insert size or GC content between labs can be corrected for. They concluded that large RNA-seq projects could be distributed across labs "given proper standardisation and randomisation procedures", which would have seemed almost impossible in the days of microarrays. "All participating laboratories (must) use the exact same protocols"!

The figure above shows how variable libraries were for (a) total number of reads obtained per sample, (b) mean Q score, (c) mean Q30 length, (d) %duplication, (e) %mapped, (f) %aligned to exons.

A major objective of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of sharing RNA-sequencing among different laboratories in large consortia projects and the paper clearly demonstrates that RNA-seq can be highly comparable across labs. As long as samples can be adequately randomised across participating labs then statistical models can be built that will allow smaller technical effects to be removed. This is good for people planning really massive projects. But technology marches on and the HiSeq 4000 can now deliver a project of 500 RNA-seq samples in a single run, making the need to distribute the efforts much less. Whilst the labs in this study have done a great job, they obviously had to work closely to agree on protocols used in the whole process, this communication can be harder than sending everything to one place to get the job done.

They ran a K-mer profiling which appears to be a useful QC that does not require alignment to a reference genome, I'll look at whether this is something we should be doing here. 

Making RNA-seq cost-effective: This project over-sequenced very significantly, and two technical challenges were part of the problem. The first was the use of PE75 vs SE50 sequencing; for RNA-seq differential gene expression several papers have demonstrated that anything longer than SE50 is a waste of time and money. The second issue is one we still wrestle with, sample balance in a pool. In the paper each lab chose how best to pool and sequence samples to get the required minimum of 10M mapped reads or around 5000M reads in total. The variation in read numbers per sample was huge, averaging 58M rather than the 10 required. The authors explained that this "was partly due to differences in the number of samples per lane and partly due to difficulties with equimolar pooling". This over-sequencing resulted in 26,000M reads being generated! As the study used PE75 sequencing (£1200 per lane in my lab); this makes the bill for sequencing about £100,000! We'd typically use SE50 for RNA-seq (£600 per lane in my lab) and if 10M per sample could be obtained this would cost only £10,000.

I'd agree that a big challenge has been to get the balance of samples in a pool as close to 1:1 as possible; we're getting there with our most recent RNA-seq runs, but this is by no means solved. However we always run the entire experiment as one pool (assuming max 96 samples) and run as many lanes as we need, this allows us to keep over-sequencing to a minimum and keep costs down! In figure A from the paper (above) the read distributions are multimodal for all labs suggesting real issues in quantification and pooling. The paper describes issues with different sizes which we almost never see with TruSeq RNA (it's always 270bp). 

Batch effects revealed: I really liked figure 3d (below) which shows how each of the technical factors considered adds to the variation in the samples. Quite clearly biology is the biggest cause of sample variation, with only RNA extraction batch, library prep date and sample index being factors that may require more careful investigation.